Abstract: To study the mechanism of bolt support and control the stability of roadway surrounding rock, firstly, based on the bolt reinforcement effect, the support effect of the bolt is considered as the volume force acting on the surrounding rock of the anchorage zone, and the reinforcement effect of the anchor is regarded as enhancing the strength parameters of the surrounding rock of the anchorage zone. Then, the roadway calculation model is established, and the elastic-plastic analysis is carried out, and the analytical solution of the surrounding rock stress and displacement of the roadway is derived. Finally, combined with the example, the calculated value is compared with the measured value, and the surrounding rock stresses of bolt support and unsupported are compared, meanwhile the influence parameters of surrounding rock deformation are analyzed. The results show that the bolt support improves the stress state of the surrounding rock in the plastic zone and improves the self-bearing capacity of the surrounding rock; The parameter design of bolt length and spacing follows the principle of “Long and thin, Short and thick”. The analytical solution of the theory considers the blot reinforcement effect, provides a theoretical reference for understanding the bolt support mechanism, and can also provide a reasonable bolt support scheme for the surrounding rock control of the roadway.