In this paper, combined with the actual situation that the surrounding rock of the shaft in Caojiatan Coal Mine is weakened by water pressure when crossing the stratum, the deformation, failure and control of the surrounding rock of the main inclined shaft of the coal mine under the action of water pressure and stress are studied by means of consulting data, field investigation, theoretical analysis, formulate calculation and numerical simulation. Based on the equivalent radius method of semi-circular arch shaft section, combined with the factors such as formation water pressure, lateral pressure coefficient, buried depth, cohesion, internal friction angle and roadway size, the mathematical expression of plastic zone distribution of shaft surrounding rock is optimized and established, and the numerical simulation verification of the model and the sensitivity analysis of the formula are carried out. Aiming at the main control factors such as stratum lithology difference and water pressure weakening, the water damage control and surrounding rock control of shaft are carried out from the aspects of inhibiting the occurrence of shear failure of surrounding rock, improving the cohesion and internal friction angle of surrounding rock, opening water discharge and pressure reduction, grouting to replace water source and strengthening the original support. It has certain reference significance for mastering the deformation and failure law of surrounding rock under water pressure-stress, carrying out relevant numerical simulation research, and carrying out wellbore reinforcement and water disaster prevention and control work.