To investigate the dynamic response characteristics of tunnel roof under mining-induced seismicity, a simplified model of the rock strata-support system’s dynamic response under impact disturbance was established. The dynamic responses of rock layers at different locations were studied under various conditions. The influence of impact disturbances, segmented rock layers, and changes in stiffness at different locations on the dynamic response of strata under conventional support was analyzed. Additionally, the effect of energy-dissipating support and damping changes on the dynamic response of the strata was discussed. The results show that the peak displacement of the strata response is proportional to the square root of the disturbance energy and linearly related to the initial velocity of the top layer. When the sandstone block above the coal seam is divided into seven parts, the peak displacement responses of m1 and ms decrease by 32.3% and 34.0%, respectively. Increasing ki by five times and ks by 25 times results in a decrease of 60.5%, 68.4%, and 81.1% in the peak displacements of m1, ms, and m7, respectively. The use of an energy-dissipating support with a stiffness of cs = 212.5×105 N/(m/s) and an increase in ci by five times shortens the dynamic response time of the strata to 1.35 seconds. Therefore, appropriately altering the rock layer structure, enhancing the support stiffness, and using energy-dissipating supports can effectively reduce the dynamic response of the strata induced by mining-induced seismicity and increase the stability of the strata.