To address the failure of wear-resistant linings in large silos under high-energy impact, this paper proposes an innovative prestressed metal-microcrystalline ceramic composite liner. Utilizing the lost-foam casting process, a compressive prestress of 10–20 MPa is generated within the ceramic phase through precisely controlled cooling and differential thermal expansion between materials, significantly enhancing impact resistance and wear performance. An innovative "groove-arch" composite structure was designed for the top of the distribution beam, which retains fine particles to form a self-buffering layer and optimizes impact force transmission. Engineering applications demonstrate excellent performance of the liner under complex conditions including high-intensity impact, corrosion, and high-humidity environments, effectively resolving technical issues such as impact-induced fragmentation, corrosion spalling, and connector shear failure, providing an effective solution for silo wear protection.