High-intensity fully mechanized top coal caving mining in extra-thick coal seams is prone to inducing compound disasters, including strong strata behaviors at the working face and surface collapse. To investigate the spatiotemporal correlation between these phenomena, this study takes the F6204 working face in Bulian'gou Coal Mine as a case study. By integrating field measurements and PFC discrete element numerical simulations, the intrinsic relationships between the two phenomena in terms of time, space, and evolutionary processes were systematically analyzed. The results indicate a significant spatiotemporal synergy between surface collapse and strong strata behaviors: temporally, surface collapse lags behind strong strata behaviors by approximately 2–3 days; spatially, both phenomena occur near the square-position of the working face advancement; in terms of evolution, surface collapse characteristics develop rapidly after the occurrence of strong strata behaviors. Furthermore, this study reveals the linkage mechanism between “strong strata behaviors underground and surface collapse aboveground.” The rupture and instability of the hard basalt main key stratum integrate the two phenomena. Its failure triggers chain instability in the underlying strata, leading to an instantaneous increase in support resistance and the upward transmission of ultra-large separation space, ultimately inducing surface collapse. This research provides theoretical and practical insights for ecological protection and disaster prevention in surface environments during extra-thick coal seam mining.