Abstract: With the depletion of resources and the adjustment of energy structure, the number of coal mines closed in China is increasing day by day. In order to effectively deal with the problems of large-scale groundwater pollution caused by closed pit mines, affecting the surrounding environment and normal production and life, etc, this paper introduces the rebound process and pollution formation mechanism of mine water after the mine is closed, expounds the research status of mine water pollution mechanism from the perspective of pollution source and pollution channel, and summarizes the research status and existing problems of prevention and control technology. Finally, the types of polluted mine water in different regions of the country are summarized, and some treatment technologies and processes are given. It is proposed that the treatment of polluted mine water should be adjusted according to local conditions, and at the same time, the mine water should be classified and utilized, so that the mine water can be utilized. The results show that the pollution source of underground water in closed pit mines is mainly the result of the combined action of physics, chemistry and microorganism, and the current research is still lacking; Prevention before pit closure is the most economical and effective key stage to deal with groundwater pollution, which should be focused on. The establishment of information management system, monitoring and forecasting system and the development of new treatment materials and technologies for polluted mine water are important research directions in the future.