Regarding the problem of deformation and instability of the surrounding rock of the roadway during the passage through the empty roadway during the advancement process of the 12404 working face of Shangwan Coal Mine, numerical simulation and field testing methods were used to deeply study the stress and displacement response characteristics of the surrounding rock and their dynamic evolution laws of the goaf at different advance distances during the working face advancement process. The deformation characteristics and stability differences of the surrounding rock before and after the advance goaf support were compared and analyzed in detail. The results show that as the working face approaches the goaf, the surrounding rock of the roadway is significantly disturbed by mining, especially within a range of 20 meters from the goaf. Instability phenomena such as roof collapse, floor bulging, and coal caving are significantly intensified, and local stress concentration forms a high peak area. The maximum roof settlement reaches 1.8 meters, and the horizontal displacement of the coal caving reaches 376 mm. The risk of collapse of the goaf and subsequent instability of the advancing coal pillar increases. After the implementation of pillar support in the advanced goaf, the overall stress field of the surrounding rock tends to be uniform, and the high stress concentration of the roof, support and bottom rock layers is effectively weakened. The peak stress is generally reduced by 3-5 MPa, and the roof subsidence, pillar deformation and support failure are significantly reduced. The internal support columns of the advanced goaf not only bear vertical loads, but also achieve peak shaving and diffusion of surrounding rock stress, improving the mechanical stability of the surrounding rock structure and enhancing the stability of the roadway in complex stress environments. The research in this paper has important guiding significance and engineering reference value for the optimization of goaf support and safe mining under similar conditions.