Different arrangements of working faces can result in different surface subsidence patterns. The negative coal pillar mining method has been widely used in China, but the surface subsidence patterns and mechanisms under this arrangement have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, this paper investigates the influence of the spatiotemporal relationship of negative coal pillar working faces on the subsidence of the inclined main section through field measurements, physical modeling, and numerical simulation. The results show that the subsidence curve of the negative coal pillar working face is smoother on the triangular coal pillar side than on the rectangular coal pillar side, with an increase in subsidence of the overlying strata and connection of the collapse zones, resulting in a flat-bottomed subsidence area on the surface. As the mining time interval increases, the surface deformation becomes more uneven, and the disturbance of the continuous working face on the overall strata decreases, concentrating the deformation above the initial mining face. The point of maximum subsidence shifts towards the direction of the initial mining face, and the maximum subsidence initially decreases and then stabilizes. Based on the probability integral method, this paper proposes a corresponding method for predicting surface subsidence, which is validated by comparing with field measurements data, demonstrating its practicality and reliability.