To study the effect of aromatic micro-crystalline structure in coals with different metamorphic degrees on thermal transport properties of coal, the lignite, long-flame coal, non-stick coal, gas-fat coal, coking coal, and lean coal were selected, and X-ray diffractometer and laser-flash apparatus were adopted to measure aromatic micro-crystalline structure as well as thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity, and thermal conductivity at 30°C–300°C. The correlation between the parameters of aromatic micro-crystalline structure and thermal conductivity of coals with different metamorphism degrees was obtained by using grey correlation method. Results indicated that, with the deepening of metamorphism degree, the aromatic interlayer spacing of coal gradually decreased, whereas extension length, stacking height, and number of effective aromatic layers gradually enhanced. With the increase of temperature, thermal diffusivity decreased firstly and increased secondly, specific heat capacity enhanced gradually, and the thermal conductivity of coal increased slowly and then swiftly after 210°C. Moreover, the thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of coal with higher metamorphism was higher, while the specific heat capacity was lower, this phenomenon can be explained that the extension length and aromatic interlayer spacing of coal contributed greatly to the thermal transport change of coal. The research findings are helpful to understand the heat transport process of coal.