At present, the traditional treatment process of coal-containing wastewater in mining areas is faced with technical bottlenecks such as low solid-liquid separation efficiency, high dependence on chemical agents, and insufficient reuse rate of regenerated water. This paper takes a typical coal preparation plant in a high-altitude mining area in Inner Mongolia as the research object, innovatively constructs a silicon carbide ceramic membrane separation system, and enhances the interface adsorption and sieving synergy mechanism of the ceramic membrane through surface modification and dynamic filtration. By optimizing key parameters and process flows and coupling online gas-water pulse backflushing technology, it achieves efficient and short-process wastewater resource utilization. Engineering practice shows that under the working conditions with large fluctuations in the content of COD, turbidity, and oil substances in the influent, the system stably realizes the removal rates of main pollutants SS, petroleum, and COD greater than 97.5%, and the reuse rate of regenerated water is increased to 97.6%, with the operation cost per ton of water reduced by 61.8%. This study, in response to the characteristics of wastewater in high-altitude mining areas, proposes an efficient and short-process treatment technology based on ceramic membrane technology, providing a new technical path for wastewater resource utilization and industrial near-zero discharge.