In response to the disaster risks faced by deep, extra-thick coal seams along development roadways, such as the superimposition of dynamic and static loads and complex overlying rock structures, this paper takes the 1012006 working face of Yuanzigou Coal Mine in Linbei, Shaanxi, as the engineering background. A combination of numerical simulation, theoretical analysis, and field measurement methods was used to systematically study the disaster mechanism and source-specific prevention and control techniques for rock bursts along development roadways. The results show that the lateral gob 'F'-type overlying rock structure and the wide coal pillar 'elastic core' jointly affect the development roadway, creating a stress environment with superimposed high static and dynamic loads, which easily induces bursts. A multi-level prevention and control system of 'optimized design–source-specific pressure relief–reinforced support' was proposed, including key technologies such as optimization of the cut positions in the working face, zoned pressure relief with large-diameter boreholes, and coordinated anchor-net and cable support. Field applications indicate that this system can significantly reduce microseismic energy release, alleviate stress concentration, effectively control roadway deformation, and achieve proactive rock burst risk prevention. This study provides theoretical basis and practical reference for the prevention and control of rock bursts under similar geological and mining conditions.