To investigate the failure mechanisms of coal samples with impact tendency under combined static and dynamic loading, split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) tests were conducted under varying loading conditions. High-speed camera monitoring and macroscopic fragment size analysis were employed to examine the dynamic response characteristics of the coal samples. The results demonstrate that the dynamic strength of the coal samples exhibits a positive correlation with impact air pressure but a negative correlation with axial pressure. Notably, the dynamic strength initially increases and then decreases with rising axial pressure. Under constant static axial load, higher impact air pressure leads to an increased proportion of small-sized fragments and a rising fractal dimension, indicating greater fragmentation. Conversely, under fixed impact loading, sample damage first decreases and then increases with static load, while the fractal dimension follows a decreasing-then-increasing trend, suggesting that the coal’s resistance to dynamic loading initially strengthens before weakening as axial pressure increases. When the static load exceeds 50% of the uniaxial compressive strength, the samples become significantly more susceptible to dynamic failure. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights for the prevention and control of dynamic disasters in deep coal and rock masses.