Addressing the stability issue of surrounding rock during shaft excavation in deep coal seams, this paper systematically investigates the mechanical response of strata using FLAC3D numerical simulation, based on a coalfield engineering project in Ordos. The results indicate that horizontal displacement significantly concentrates around the derrick base with a maximum value of approximately 2.4 mm, displaying distinct localized characteristics. Vertical displacement, prominently influenced by vertical construction loads, reaches up to 36 mm, extending its impact area and depth remarkably. In terms of stress distribution, a pronounced stress concentration occurs near the derrick base, with maximum horizontal stress around 0.14 MPa and peak vertical stress up to 0.5 MPa, indicating the dominant role of vertical loading in deep strata responses. Under current simulated conditions, no apparent plastic deformation is observed, reflecting the high overall stability of surrounding rock structures. These findings provide essential theoretical foundations and engineering guidance for safe shaft construction in deep coal mines under analogous geological conditions.