The application of hydraulic fracturing technology in addressing the hard roof strata of coal mines can effectively reduce the working fracturing step distance and mitigate fracturing intensity, thereby decreasing the risk of impact-induced disaster accidents. To investigate the propagation patterns of fractures during the hydraulic fracturing process, this study examines the influences of various factors, including water injection pressure, displacement, in-situ stress, and tensile strength of the surrounding rock on fracture evolution through numerical simulation methods. The findings indicate that during the fracturing process, fractures initially develop along the direction of the maximum principal stress. As the injected fluid continues to exert pressure, fractures progressively expand in multiple directions, forming a complex fracture network structure. Higher water injection pressure, moderate displacement, and significant differential ground stress promote rapid crack expansion. Moreover, tensile strength plays a critical role in crack propagation. When tensile strength is low, cracks propagate unidirectionally. However, as tensile strength increases, crack propagation exhibits greater diversity in directionality. These research outcomes provide a crucial reference for the practical implementation of hydraulic fracturing technology in mitigating coal mine impact disasters.