In order to improve the safety and reliability of artificial freezing method in coal mine shaft construction, this study compares the mechanical properties of welded freezing pipe with outer liner and inner liner under the same specifications and low temperature conditions, and determines the influence of its bearing capacity and deformation characteristics on engineering selection. In the experiment, a total of 18 freezing pipes in 6 groups were selected to systematically test their axial bearing capacity and deflection deformation characteristics in a simulated low-temperature environment. The results show that the average bearing capacity of 9 freezing pipes in the outer lining structure is significantly lower than that of 9 freezing pipes in the inner lining structure, but the deflection value is higher, indicating that the inner lining structure has better compressive performance and the outer lining structure has stronger deformation adaptability under load. This discovery reveals the direct effect of welded structure on the mechanical properties of freezing pipe and provides an important reference for engineering practice. Compared with the traditional deflection test method, the curvature test method has better detection accuracy and reliability, so it is used to evaluate the safety of freezing pipes with two different welding methods. The test results show that the freezing pipes of the two welding methods meet the requirements of safety specifications.