Taking the 3-1 coal 31305 working face of the Shendong Shigetai Coal Mine as the research object, this study systematically explores the dynamic evolution mechanism of energy convergence and dispersion in the main retreat roadway during the final mining stage of a fully mechanized mining face. Through mechanical and energy method hypotheses, Flac3D numerical simulations, and acoustic emission physical similarity simulation phenomena, the energy evolution perspective is used to deduce the energy convergence and dispersion mechanism of the main retreat roadway in the final mining stage. Meanwhile, based on the bearing state conditions of the residual coal pillars, the energy evolution process of the main retreat roadway is divided into the "large" coal pillar bearing stage and the "small" coal pillar instability stage. The research results show that: (1) Using the ultimate bearing capacity of the residual coal pillars in the final mining stage as the criterion, a corresponding relationship with the width is established to distinguish between the stable bearing stage and the stage; (2) The amount of energy transferred from the residual coal pillars to the coal pillars in the main and auxiliary retreat roadways accounts for 59.24% of the energy in the roadway coal pillars, and the boundary between the "large" coal pillar bearing stage and the located 5 meters from the working face to the main retreat roadway; (3) During the "large" coal pillar bearing stage, energy is transmitted from the working face along the coal-rock mass and accumulates in the surrounding rock of the main retreat roadway, whereas in the "small" coal pillar instability stage, energy dissipation and instability intensify on the side of the residual coal pillars in the main retreat roadway, with the core area of energy accumulation shifting to the side of the roadway coal pillars.